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Ginseng,the root and rhizome of Panax ginseng CA Meyer has been used as a tonic remedy in Chinese traditional medicine for over 2000 years. In 200 AD when this herb was described in the oldest Chinese material medica book,Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing,the author depicted many pharmacological functions of ginseng including improving cognition and thought,invigorating body,harmonizing energies,removing toxic substances and prolong life and so on. So,it has been used as a tonic or a remedy individually or in combination with other medicines for treating a certain kinds of diseases.
In the past decades,scientists not only in Asian,but also in the Western countries paid great attention to ginseng research. Every year,there are hundreds of papers published and new uses for ginseng discovered.
This monograph is aimed at to review the recent advances in chemistry,metabolism and biological activities of ginseng. The invited authors are engaged in ginseng research for a long time and accumulated rich experience.My friend,Mr W J Zhao is a enterpriser and is now studying in Jilin University for PhD degree.He works on ginseng research with great enthusiasm and contributes a lot.I appreciate him not only for providing us two articles, but also for giving us generous support.Indeed,their articles are full of new idea,new thought and new technology as well. Some finding of new use is the new discoveries for the first time in the world.
More than thirty years ago,nothing was known about the chemical structure of active principles of ginseng. Today,ginsenosides and nonª²saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. Some proteins,peptides and polysaccharides were proved as active principles. According to the worldª²wide research,ginseng and ginsenosides were shown to have miraculous effects. One of noticeable effects is delaying aging,dysfunction appeared in ageª²related disorders such as aging and AD induced cognition impairment,stress induced low sexual function,estrogenª²deficient induced osteoporosis,etc. were improved much better with ginseng. Interestingly,the declining of vital functions could be restored to normal level by ginseng or its active principles. In addition,there are two prominent features in ginseng¡¯s pharmacology. First,ginseng exhibited effects on multiple targets simultaneously. But ginseng showed almost no toxic and without any noxious side effects. Second,ginseng effect is characterized by increasing neural plasticity or mobilizing endogenous protective mechanism (e.g. increase of neurotrophins and neuroprotective gene products as well as antioxidant enzymes). These characters of ginseng are different from western medicine but fit the conception of Chinese traditional medicine. For metabolism of ginseng,there are two questions about ginsenoside metabolism arose from academic field. That is,whether ginsenosides can pass through bloodª²brain barrier or not? Ginsenoside exert its effect is in its prototype or in the form. of metabolites? The chapter of ginseng metabolism in this book will answer these questions.
At present,ginseng research situation is just like the stage of steroid hormone and prostaglandins whose multiple biological activities and clinical application were proved and recognized generally. Therefore,the tasks in the future should carry out extract,total or semiª²synthesis of ginsenosides and other principles with industryª²scale.The further study on the mechanism of action,pharmacokinetics and clinical trail with design of doubleª²blind and placebo control is also needed.
At last,I wish to thank all authors for their providing us interesting and informative date and sending papers in due time. I also extend my thanks to Chemical Industry Press for their patience in dealing with of organizing and editing this book. In addition,I¡¯d like to extend my thanks to my wife for her understanding,taking care of and providing me with time and encouragement.
Junª²tian Zhang Preface
List of contributors

Section ¢ñ Chemistry of Ginseng

1 Chemical Study on Ginseng3
Jinª²hui Wang
2 Cell and Tissue Culture of Panax ginseng18
Junª²gui Dai
3 The Chemical Constituents of Notoginseng43
Xiaoª²xia Ma

Section ¢ò Metabolism of Ginseng

4 Pharmacokinetic Properties of Ginseng59
Ling Yang
5 Tissue Distribution of Ginsenoside Rg1 and its Metabolites at
Different Time after Oral Administration in Rats,Especially in
Central Nervous System87
Yuª²zhu Wang
6 Simultaneous Rapid Quantification of Ginsenoside Rg1 and its
Secondary Glycoside Rh1 and Aglycone Protopanaxatriol in Rat Plasma
by UPLCª²mass Spectrometry after Solidª²phase Extraction96
Yan Xue

Section ¢ó Biological Activities of Ginseng
¢óA Ginseng and Function of CNS

7 Antiª²amnestic Effects of Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 and Their
Mechanism of Action107
Junª²tian Zhang
8 Effects of Ginsenoside Re on Improving Learning and
Memory Impairment of Aged Mice and Rats127
Ji Chen
9 Effects of Ginseng on Memory and Erection
Functions133
Chiehª²fu Chen
10 Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1on Hippocampal
Neurogenesis147
Liª²hong Shen

¢óB Ginseng and Agedª²related Disorders

11 Antiª²aging and Immunomodulatory Functions of
Ginseng 163
Min Liu
12 Anticancer Activity of Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng
C.A.Meyer192
Pingª²ya Li
13 Ginseng and Osteoporosis208
Yueª²song Gong
14 Ginseng:Biological Complementary/Alternative Therapies for
Type 2 Diabetes215
Fei Ye
15 Role of Ginseng on Neurodegenerative Disorders226
Tingª²ting Liu
16 Antioxidant Activities of Ginseng241
Yun Zhang

¢óC Ginseng and Stress,Sexous Function

17 Antistress Activity of Ginseng267
Xiaoª²yuan Lian
18 Sexualª²improving Effect of Ginseng284
Xiaoª²ying Wang
19 The Effects of Ginseng on Kidney296
Chunª²ying Li

¢óD Ginseng and Receptor and Signal Transduction

20 The Biological Activity of Ginsenoside on Protein Kinase Activation
and Signal Transduction320
Naiª²hong Chen
21 Constituents of Ginseng and their Effects on the Central
Neuronal System341
Yuan Xiao
22 Diverse Activities of Ginsenosides in Angiogenesis and Multiª²drug
Resistance358
Taiª²ping Fan

Subject Index367 the root and rhizome Of Panax ginseng C£®A£®Meyer£¬has been used
as a tonic remedy in Chnese traditional medicine for over 2000 years£®ln the
past decades£¬scientiStS not only in ASian countrieS£¬bUt a|SO in western
countnes pald great attention tO ginseng research£®Every year£¬there are
hundredS of papers published and new uses Of qinseng discovered£®
This b00k aimed at revieWinq the recent advances in Chemistry£¬
metabOliSm and biOIogical activities Of qinseng tO promote internatiOnal
exchange Of new idea and new use£¬and tO encourage the fUture research£®
The invited authors are enfafled in qinseng research for a lpmg time and
accumulate rich experiences£®Indeed£¬their articles are full of new ideas£¬new
thoughtS and new technology as well.Some findings is the new discoveies
fOr the first time in the world
THE Chemistry,Metabolism AND Biological Activities OF GINSENGÏÂÔØ