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催化原理导论(双语教材) - 阎子峰
出版日期:2006年1月
前言
催化技术是现代化工的关键核心技术之一。随着催化科学与工程技术的不断发展,无论是
基础原理、基础概念,还是催化剂研究手段,以及催化剂工业应用与催化剂工程,均出现
了大量的新概念、新理论、新方法及新的催化应用领域。这些新的进展也为高等院校“催
化原理”的教学带来诸多挑战。同时,加入WTO以来,我国经济、社会与国际社会全面接轨
,既懂专业知识、又有外语交流基础的复合型人才需求越来越旺盛。为了适应这一人才市
场的挑战,高校都在尝试开设一些双语课程。但是,面临的最大问题就是双语教材问题。
中国石油大学自1995年以来在这方面做了很多尝试。其中,“催化原理”课程就是试点课
程之一。经过近十年的不断充实与完善,我们在原有讲义的基础上编著了这本《催化原理
导论》(Introduction to Catalysis)教材。
《催化原理导论》的主要内容包括:第1章主要介绍了催化基础知识、基本概念及其发展历
史;第2章介绍了均相催化及其典型工业催化剂的结构及特性;第3章详细论述了分子筛的
结构特点及性能,并重点介绍了催化裂化催化剂及其清洁燃料生产方面的问题;第4章介绍
了加氢、脱氢催化剂;第5章介绍了催化重整技术及多功能催化剂 ;第6章为合成气的制备
及其催化应用;第7章系统地介绍了催化剂失活机理;第8章介绍了催化聚合反应;第9章是
酶催化及其生命催化过程;第10章是催化剂实验技术,包括催化剂制备和表征,以及原位
催化技术。
本书第3章由刘欣梅博士执笔,其余部分由编著者执笔整理。中国石油大学对本书的编写、
出版给予了关心和支持,编著者在此表示真挚的感谢。
由于编著者学术水平及其知识结构所限,尽管倾尽全力,依然有很多不当和不理想之处,
恳请读者不吝指正!
阎子峰
2005年3月于中国石油大学
催化原理导论(双语教材)目录
Content
Chapter 1Catalysis: History, Features and Concepts1
11Introduction1
111Importance of catalysis1
112Definition of catalysis2
113Catalysis and process design3
114The basis of catalysis4
115Status for study of catalysis4
12History of catalysis4
13Concept of catalysis6
131Activation energy6
132Nature of catalytic process6
133Diffusion7
134Adsorption9
135Surface reaction10
136Catalyst deactivation11
14Features of catalysis12
15Types of catalysts14
151Homogeneous catalysts14
152Heterogeneous catalysis16
153Enzyme catalysis18
154Heterogenized homogeneous catalysts20
16Types of catalysis in transition states21
161General acid/base catalysis21
162Metal ion (or electronstatic catalysis) 22
163Covalent or nucleaophilic catalysis22
164Intramolecular catalysis24
17Composition of heterogeneous catalysts26
171Composition of homogeneous catalysts26
172Compoents of heterogeneous catalysts27
18Physical properties of heterogeneous catalysts34
181Shape and particle size34
182Particle size distribution36
183Mechanical strength37
184Density37
185Specific surface area and pore structure 38
19Chemical properties of heterogeneous catalysts39
191Activity and conversion39
192Selectivity40
193Stability and Lifetime41
194Yields41
195Space time yield STY41
110Summary of Industrial Catalytic Processes41
References43
Chapter 2Homogeneous Catalysis45
21Introduction45
22Some important ligand features46
221Chelate effect46
22218 Electron rule48
23Lewis base ligands54
231Halide donors54
232Oxygen donor55
233Nitrogenase55
234Carbonyl ligands57
235Alkenes and alkynes61
236Arenes65
24Hydrogenation catalysis67
241Wilkinson’s catalyst68
242Ru Heterolytic H2 activation69
243Lanthanide hydrogenation catalysts69
244Selectivity of hydrogenation catalysts69
245Directing Effects71
246Asymmetric hydrogenation71
25Industrial future of homogeneous catalysis72
251Homogeneous catalysis—the challenge to heterogeneous catalysis72
252The homogeneous catalyst and its ingredients72
253Homogeneous catalyst developments76
254Homogeneous catalyst applications77
255New proposals79
26Hydroformylation catalysis80
261HCo(CO)4 Catalyst81
262Cobalt phosphinemodified catalysts85
263Rhodium phosphine catalysts86
264 New generation catalysts92
265Bimetallic hydroformylation93
27Monsanto acetic acid & related processes95
271Celanese LiI modified catalyst96
272Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process96
References97
Chapter 3Zeolites and FCC Process100
31Microporous zeolites 100
311Introduction100
312What is the zeolites100
313Structures and definitions102
314Broad features of zeolitic materials available112
315Acidity of zeolites116
316Shapeselective catalysis in zeolites119
317Modification of zeolites120
32Mesoporous molecular sieves122
33The use of zeolites in catalysis today123
331Importance of materials123
332Current zeolite usage124
333Driving forces for discovery124
334Hurdles to commercialization of new zeolites125
335Summary of zeolite uses for refining and petrochemicals126
34Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)process127
341Introduction127
342A typical refinery128
343Fluid catalytic cracking132
344Improved octane components in gasoline135
35Catalytic cracking mechanism135
351The initiation step135
352Chain propagation140
353Chain termination142
36Catalyst decay142
361Causes of catalyst decay142
362The mechanism of coke and minor product formation143
37Catalysis science and technology for cleaner transportation fuels145
371Regulatory outlook145
372Reducing the sulfur content of gasoline146
373Hydroprocessing technology for diesel fuel148
References150
Chapter 4 Hydrogenation Processes152
41Introduction152
42Hydrogenation152
421Hydrogenation catalysts152
422Hydrogenation reactions and processes153
43Hydrocracking162
431Introduction162
432Hydrocracking catalyst162
433Hydrocracking of alkanes163
44Dehydrogenation167
441Dehydrogenation of C4 and C5 alkanes and alkenes168
442Dehydrogenation of higher alkanes to monoalkenes169
443Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene170
444Dehydrogenation of alcohols170
References171
Chapter 5Catalytic Reforming of Naphtha173
51Introduction173
52Reforming reactions175
521Introduction175
522Aromatization reactions176
523Dehydrocyclization reactions176
524Isomerization reactions177
525Dealkylation reactions178
526Disproportionation179
527Hydrocracking179
53Reforming mechanism179
531Kinetic evaluation179
532Dehydrocyclization181
533Fission182
54Reforming catalysts183
541Platinumcontaining binary catalysts183
542Trimetallic naphtha reforming catalysts184
543Preparation of catalysts and processing conditions188
55Selectivity of reforming catalyst189
56Deactivation of reforming catalysts192
561Basic reactions and deactivation processes192
562Technological options193
References196
Chapter 6Production and Uses of Synthesis Gas198
61Introduction198
62Manufacture of synthesis gas198
621Steam reforming process198
622Dry reforming process199
623Partial oxidation208
624Water gas shift reaction209
625Combining steam reforming and partial oxidation210
626Synthesis gas purification210
627Economics of synthesis gas production211
628The catalysts212
629Description of the process of steam reforming of natural gas212
63Synthesis gas as a chemical feedstock213
64Methanol synthesis214
641Introduction214
642Econimics of methanol processes215
643Overall reactions217
644From high to lowpressure process217
645Oncethrough processes218
646Catalyst design and deactivation218
647Methanol formation mechanism225
65FischerTropsch and related syntheses227
651Introduction227
652Historical and economic significance228
653Catalysts229
654Reactors229
655Product selectivity232
656Mechanism234
66Methanol to gasoline(MTG)250
661MTG overall reactions251
662Fixedbed methanoltogasoline(MTG)process251
663Fluidbed MTG and MTO process255
67Homologation of methanol257
68Ammonia and related products258
681Introduction258
682Kinetics and mechanisms259
683Industrial catalysts used in ammonia synthesis264
684Urea synthesis266
685UreaFormaldehyde(UF)resins266
References267
Chapter 7Catalyst Deactivation269
71Introduction269
72Nature of catalyst deactivation and remedial actions269
721Reversible deactivation269
722Irreversibly deactivation270
723Regeneration options of catalyst271
73Effects of deactivation271
74 Cause of deactivation275
741 Particle failure275
742 Fouling275
743 Component volatization276
744 Phase change276
745 Compound formation276
746 Sintering276
747 Poisoning279
748 Coking284
References291
Chapter 8Catalytic Polymerization293
81Introduction293
82Monomers, polymers and copolymers294
83Classification of polymers296
831Plastics296
832Synthetic fibers297
833Elastomers297
84Polymerization reactions297
841Condensation polymerization297
842Addition polymerization298
85Polymerization with coordination compounds301
851ZieglerNatta catalysts301
852Ring opening polymerization306
86ZieglerNatta polymerization catalysis307
861Some history of ZieglerNatta catalysts307
862Polymerization mechanisms308
863Polypropylene & stereochemistry309
References310
Chapter 9Enzyme Catalysis312
91Introduction312
92Nature of enzyme catalysis314
93Enzyme in industry315
94Feature of enzyme catalysis317
941Catalytic efficiency317
942Specificity317
943Free energy of activation318
944Regulatory control318
945Binding site319
946Kinetics319
95Enzymatic activation of alkanes320
951Methane monooxygenase320
952Alkane hydroxylase321
953Cytochrome P450323
References324
Chapter 10Experimental Techniques in Catalysis327
101Introduction327
102Preparation of heterogeneous catalysts327
1021Single active components and supports328
1022Dual oxides334
1023Deposition of the active components336
1024Extraction343
1025Special types344
103Preparation of homogeneous catalysts345
104Evaluate catalyst performance in the laboratory346
1041Reactor and catalyst innovation347
1042Laboratory reactors348
1043Examples of integral reactors350
1044Examples of differential reactors351
1045Testing of homogeneous catalysts352
105Characterization of homogeneous catalysts354
1051Composition354
1052Structure354
1053Catalytic cycle354
106Characterization of heterogeneous catalysts354
1061Spectroscopic techniques used in catalyst characterization355
1062Composition357
1063Structure357
107Insitu methods in catalysis391
1071Overview of the in situ investigation391
1072Experimental considerations and developments in in situ
methodologies392
1073Importance of dynamic structural changes of heterogeneous
catalysts394
1074Hydrodesulfurization catalysts396
References399
本书可作为高等院校石油、化工、化学、材料、生物及环境等专业本科生、研究生开设催
化课程的教材,也可供从事与催化相关工作的科研、生产及教学人员作为专业参考书。同
时还可作为高校相关专业本科生、研究生、科研人员等专业英语教材或参考书使用。
催化原理导论(双语教材)内容介绍:
本书是为贯彻教育部关于“本科教育要创造条件使用英语等外语进行公共课和专业课教学
……”的文件精神,提高学生专业英语水平、对国外技术资料的阅读应用能力而编写的双
语教材。本书主要介绍了催化基本概念、基础理论,工业催化剂的结构及特性以及在各工
业领域的应用,并对近年出现的催化新概念、新理论、新方法及新的催化应用领域做了大
量阐述。
本书可作为高等院校石油、化工、化学、材料、生物及环境等专业本科生、研究生开设催
化课程的教材,也可供从事与催化相关工作的科研、生产及教学人员作为专业参考书。同
时还可作为高校相关专业本科生、研究生、科研人员等专业英语教材或参考书使用。
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