Detection Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Vapors

Yin Sun
8/12/2004
Offers the most comprehensive resource available on the subject for technical and emergency response personnel Reviews detection requirements and protocols considered by the United States government Discusses specific devices used for the detection of CWAs and TICs Describes laboratory techniques and analyses in detail Suggests future trends and research direction

While it is not possible to predict ?or necessarily prevent ?terrorist incidents in which chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) are deployed, correctly chosen, fast, and reliable detection equipment will allow prepared rescue workers to respond quickly and minimize potential casualties.

Detection Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Vaporsdiscusses the principles, instrumentation, and context for applying technologies such as ion mobility spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, colorimetric chemistry, and flame ionization to the detection of TICs and lethal CWAs.?It conveys techniques ?some of which have been patented by the authors ?developed for generating vapors and closely imitating potential environmental effects in a laboratory setting, specifically for the testing and evaluation of hand-held, portable, and remote devices. This book also provides a comprehensive list of toxic industrial chemicals classified in terms of hazardousness and their physical, chemical, and toxicological properties. Following a brief historical overview, the text also includes a review of federal detection requirements and the government抯 rationale for preparedness and response.

By providing insight on the behavior. of toxic chemicals, the authors hope to minimize the fear and chaotic effect in a potential event involving chemical agents. Well written and accessible to technical and non-technical audiences, no other book focuses on analytical methods and explains current detection devices for chemical warfare agents.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
Historical Overview
Chemical Warfare Agents
Toxic Industrial Compounds
CWA and TIC Detection
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CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND TOXIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties
Toxic Properties
Common CWAs
牋牋?Nerve Agents, Blister Agents, Blood Agents
Toxic Industrial Compounds
GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
CWA Detection Standards and Criteria for Deployment
Joint Services Operational Requirements for Chemical Agent Detectors
Objective and Approaches at Dugway Proving Ground
JCAD Requirements for Detection and Identification Functions
General Capabilities Necessary to Mitigate Vulnerability
燛valuation of Commercially Available Detection Devices for Certification as CWA Detectors
Safety Risk Assessment for Release of Tested, Contractor-Owned Materials to Contractor
VAPOR GENERATION TECHNIQUES
Gas Law and Gas Concentration
Vapor Generation Methods
Dilution and Mixing System
Comparison of Generation Techniques
Humidification of Generated Vapor
Generation of CWA or TIC Vapor with Interferent Vapor
CWA Simulants
DETECTOR SELECTION FACTORS
燬electivity
燬ensitivity
燣imit of Detection
燫esponse Dynamic Range
燪uantitative Analysis Capability
燜alse Alarm Rate
燫esponse Time
燫esistance to Environmental Conditions
燬etup and Warmup Time
燙alibration/Verification in Field Applications
燨ther Factors
ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY
Principle of Operation
Instrumentation of Typical IMS Detector
Technique Specification?
Applications
Fact Sheets for Selected IMS-Based Detectors
FLAME PHOTOMETRY
Principle of Operation
Instrumentation
Technical Specifications
Pulsed Flame Photometry
Applications
Fact Sheets on Selected Photometry-Based Detectors
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Principle of Operation
Instrumentation of Filter IR and Photoacoustic Detectors
Fourier Transform. Infrared Detectors
Applications
Fact Sheets for Selected IR-Based Detectors
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SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Principle of Operation of SAW Devices
Instrumentation
Analysis Processes
Technical Specifications
Applications
Electrochemical Sensors
Fact Sheets for Selected SAW and/or Electrochemical Detectors
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COLORIMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
Principle of Operation
Instrumentation
Applications
Fact Sheets on Selected Colorimetric-Technique桞ased Detectors
PHOTOIONIZATION AND FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION TECHNIQUES
Photoionization Technique
Flame Ionization Technology
Comparison of Photoionization, Flame Ionization, and Flame Photometric Techniques Applications
FUTURE TRENDS IN CWA AND TIC DETECTION
Material Safety Data Sheet
Standing Operating Procedure
Index of Chemical Agent Detectors and Supplies and
Manufacturers
Glossary and Abbreviations
Bibliography
Index ?/font>


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