一.课程目标
The experiments included in these courses are designed to accomplish the following objectives:
1.To reinforce the technical principles that were presented in the core chemical engineering courses, providing a bridge between theoretical study and practical applications.
2.To apply these principles to a critical analysis of real data.
3.To present experimental data and the analysis of this data in a professional, clearly written and concise format.
This will also provide exposure to process equipment (pilot-plant size), trouble-shooting, use of the library as a technical resource, various analytical techniques and development of teamwork skills.
二.安全问题
In accordance with accepted laboratory practice, the following safety regulations will apply:
1.Food and beverages are not allowed in the laboratory.
2.Safety glasses, which are available on a loan basis, must be worn at all times in the laboratory. The wearing of contact lenses in the laboratory is not recommended.
3.Suitable clothing is required, including long-sleeved shirts and slacks. Sandals and other open-toed shoes are not permitted.
三.管理
3.1概述
Course announcements (such as schedule changes, corrections to handouts, etc.) will be will be emailed to all students. Students are expected to check their email often, as they are fully responsible for accommodating all such announcements within 48 hours of their posting.
3.2对迟交报告的惩罚
1.Laboratory
Students arriving more than ten minutes after the beginning of the laboratory period, without prior permission, will be assessed a penalty against their report grade. Missing the whole period will result failure of the course. Departures before the team has completed its laboratory work, without prior permission, will also be penalized.
2.Reports
Marks will be deducted as follows for reports received after the due date:
For reports that are 1 to 5 days late, 10% of the assigned grade will be deducted per working day late.
For reports more than 5 days late, the grade will be 30% of the grade that the report would have received if it had been submitted by the due date.
Reports more than two weeks late will receive a grade of zero (0).
3.3四级评分
Conversion of marks from the three reports into a final grade based on the letter grade 4 point system will be performed by the two instructors in consultation, using a combination of relative and absolute measures, and taking into account the quality of coursework relative to that of previous years. Neither a particular distribution nor predetermined absolute measures are used in converting marks into final grades. The class average on all reports will be set to the same value, and individual marks will be normalized on this basis so that the final mark will depend on the quality of your work relative to that of your peers, not on the experiment for which you were responsible.
四.抄袭
The University of Alberta 2005-06 Calendar in Appendix A, Section 30.3.2, (Inappropriate Academic Behaviour) states the following:
No student shall submit the words, ideas, images, or data of another person as the student's own in any academic writing, essay, thesis, research project or assignment in a course or program of study."
Plagiarism is generally considered the most serious academic offence in the University. For this reason the penalties for plagiarism can be very severe (see Section 30.4). University regulations will be strictly enforced in this course.
You are encouraged to look at other laboratory reports when writing your own report. Reading other people's well-written reports can help provide ideas on how to write your own report. However, there is a fine line between "looking at another report" and "copying another report". The following are examples of plagiarism:
Copying text verbatim from its source without referencing and without putting the quote in quotation marks. Quotes in a report tend to be distracting and should be limited to those cases where the exact wording of the quoted text is essential. Other laboratory reports cannot be referenced.
Copying figures without referencing their source. Using someone else's computer file is also considered copying, even with minor changes. Redrawing a figure, using your own program, is acceptable. Again, other laboratory reports cannot be referenced.
五.撰写
As you prepare your report, consider the following:
Is the material logically arranged?
Is the information complete or have certain important facts been omitted?
Is the discussion clear? Does each paragraph and each sentence clearly and precisely convey the desired information?
Do the tables, figures, and schematic diagrams present the required information in the best possible form?
Has the report been thoroughly checked for errors in spelling and grammar?
六.报告总体要求
6.1 概述
Laboratory or literature data are of limited value unless they are accurate, logically arranged, and presented clearly to those who require them. The most convenient and permanent form of presentation is a formal written report. An outline of the sections normally included in such a report is given in the following notes and should be followed unless a modification will improve the effectiveness of a report. No modifications in format are to be employed without prior consultation with the appropriate course instructor.
6.2纸张格式
Reports are to be professional in appearance and quality. Reports that do not adhere to the following standards will not be accepted.
All reports are to be typewritten.
Equations and complicated expressions can not be handwritten in ink (use the Equation Editor).
Font size 12-pt Times New Roman (smaller font size will not be accepted).
1.5 line spacing.
8.5" ? 11" unlined white paper with 1-inch margins on all four sides (excluding full page figures and appendices).
Text must appear on only one side of the page.
Equations are to be centered on separate lines. A blank line must be left above and below each equation.
Appendices must be prepared on engineering paper and should employ only an HB pencil (unless typewritten on plain white paper).
6.3报告字数
The body of the major reports must not be more than 18 pages in length (except for the first report in ChE 351 which has a maximum of 11 pages) including figures and tables. The 18-page limit excludes the report reader signature page, single page summary, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, nomenclature, references and appendices. If a submitted report contains more than 18 pages, only the first 18 pages will be graded!
6.4页码标示
Number all pages (including appendices) sequentially, as follows:
Cover sheet: no page numbers.
Pages before Introduction (Summary, Table of Contents, List of Figures and List of Tables): lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, …), bottom center of page.
Pages starting with Introduction: Arabic numerals (1, 2, …), top right-hand corner of page.
七.对报告内容的要求
7.1封面
A fully completed cover sheet, obtained by emailing
dave.sharp@ualberta.ca, is to be attached to the front of every major and minor report.
7.2结论（被动语态）
The Summary, the most widely read section of any report, should be written last.
The Summary may be considered an "executive summary". It is a summary of the entire report.
This section must not exceed one page in length.
Statements must be quantitative. Where appropriate, results should be presented in the form of dimensionless groups and convey the following information:
1.The objective of the investigation.
2.The means of obtaining the data.
3.The results obtained.
4.The conclusions.
5.Possible recommendations (if there are any).
The Summary must "stand alone". That is, the content must convey to the reader the important results (quantitative) and recommendations without having access to the remainder of the report. You can not refer to any tables, figures equations, etc., from the report in the summary.
Do not confuse the "Summary" with an "abstract".
7.3目录，附图标和附表
The Table of Contents lists the major sections and primary sub-sections of the report along with the pages on which these sections begin.
The List of Figures lists figure numbers, figure captions, and the page number of each figure.
The List of Tables lists all tables in the report, stating the table number, table title, and page number of the table.
7.4简介（将来时态）
The Introduction places the experiment within a larger context (gives a justification of the study), and states the objectives of the experiment.
It must not exceed one page.
It is neither a summary of the report, nor a general description of the procedure used in performing the experiment and the calculations.
It should orient the reader as to why the experiment is to be performed and briefly outline the approach that will be used in the study.
7.5理论（过去时态）
The theory underlying the experiment should be discussed briefly in this section of the report.
All key equations (except for equipment calibration equations) that are used in performing the subsequent calculations must be presented here and numbered, so that they can be cited in other sections of the report.
Equations used in the report should be derived or a reference cited as to the source.
Lengthy reproduction of the material given in the laboratory assignment sheet is to be avoided.
Do not put equipment calibration equations or any error analysis equations in the theory section.
Equations can not be hand written, they must be typed.
7.6实验部分
This part of the report contains two separate sections, "Description of the Equipment" and "Experimental Procedure". From these two sections the reader should be able to build and run the experiment in the same exact manner that you did in order to validate your results/findings.
1.设备描述(现在时态)
This section provides all pertinent details of the equipment that was employed in the experiment.
Any unusual characteristics of the equipment should be described, particularly if they limit the test results in any manner.
If any of the equipment used in the experiment has failed to perform properly or has limited the quality of the data taken, this should be noted.
This section must include a schematic diagram and an appropriate short description.
Schematic diagrams may be drawn in pencil, but labels must be in ink or typewritten.
Any calibration equations should be given.
2.实验过程（过去时态）
In this section, the procedure that was followed should be described concisely, particularly any feature that may in any way affect the reliability of the results.
All pertinent variables, such as temperature, pressure, flow, etc. should be stated in S.I. units.
Any modifications to stated operating conditions that limited the results should be described in detail.
The procedure must be written using the past tense (NOT as a recipe).
This section should give enough information to ensure the repeatability of the experiment.
7.7条件 A (结果) (现在/过去时态)
This section contains the calculated results.
The results are generally presented in tabular and/or graphical form.
Duplication of information by using both figures and tables for the same results must be avoided.
The figures and/or tables of results must be accompanied by a description of how the results were obtained from the experimental data (including any error analysis). This description includes reference to the appropriate equations in the theory and to the sample calculations, and discussion of any assumptions and/or approximations made in obtaining the calculated results.
Point out the key results and findings so the reader is aware of them for the discussion.
The figures and/or tables should also show the published and/or theoretical values presented in books and/or journals.
Short tables are often useful to present or compare certain results.
Lengthy tabulations of results should be presented in appendices at the end of the report.
All results must be reported in SI units.
Tables of the experimental data are not placed in this section, but in Appendix A of the report.
7.8条件A (讨论) (现在/过去时态)
This section is the heart of the report! It should relate the experimental results to the concepts and ideas presented in the "Introduction" and "Theory" sections.
Do the data agree with the theory?
What are the possible experimental errors, their magnitudes and correction?
What assumptions were made, and how reliable are they?
If similar results have been reported in the literature (books and journals)?
Keep qualitative statements to a minimum and cite numerical values whenever possible.
In this section, specific reference must be made to the figures and/or tables given in the "Results" section.
Sources and magnitudes of error in the experimental data must be included in the discussion. The results of such an error analysis should be included in the discussion.
7.9条件 B (结果和讨论放在一起) （现在/过去时态)
Instead of the results and discussion being written in separate sections, you may combine them as one Results and Discussion section. All of the material stated above in 7.7 and 7.8 must be included. If you choose this option, make sure you are clear as to what is expected.
7.10结论 (过去时态)
This section should be able to stand alone and the material should relate to the objectives stated in the "Introduction" section of the report.
The conclusions, which can be presented in point form, or in a series of short paragraphs, are introduced by one or two sentences.
The conclusions should be qualitative in nature and be based on the major findings.
The content of this section should reflect the fact that the reader may read the "Conclusions" section immediately after reading the "Introduction" section.
Do not refer to tables, figures or equations in the report.
7.11术语
Must start on a separate page after the conclusions are completed.
The "Nomenclature" section is a list of all symbols used in the body of the report, arranged in alphabetical order.
The dimensions, in SI units, must be given (e.g. shown below)
k liquid thermal conductivity, W/m K.
Nomenclature lists must appear in the following order: i) Latin symbols following directly under the main heading "Nomenclature", ii) Greek symbols following directly under the sub-heading "Greek Symbols", and iii) Subscripts, if employed, following directly under the sub-heading "Subscripts".
7.12参考文献
All books and published articles from which equations, values, etc. were taken must be referenced in the body of the report.
If the article or book reference has one or two authors, then both authors' surnames are given in the text.
If the article or book reference has three or more authors, then only the first author's surname is listed, followed by "et al."
Typical statements which might appear in a report are as follows:
"Bohkar and Boulos (1980) found that the ..."
"In the approach suggested by Treybal (1980), if the ..."
"It has been shown (Cropley, 1987) ..."
"According to Adams et al. (1988), it is ..."
All citations of references within the text must follow the format specified in The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
The reference section is where the complete list of reference material appears arranged alphabetically by the surname of the lead author for the publication.
1.Journal Articles
When referring to an article in a technical journal, the accepted format is: first author's surname and initials, secondary authors' initials followed by surname, title of article (in quotes), name of journal, volume number (in bold), page numbers, and year of publication (in parentheses), as follows:
Adams, W.R., J.A. Zollweg, W.B. Street and S.S.H. Rizve, "New Apparatus for Measurement of Supercritical Fluid-Liquid Phase Equilibria", AIChE J. 34, 1387-1391 (1988).
Bohkar, A. and M. Boulos, "Energy Balance for a D.C. Plasma Torch", Can. J. Chem. Eng. 58, 171-176 (1980).
Cropley, J.B., "Systematic Errors in Recycle Reactor Kinetic Studies", Chem. Eng. Prog. 83, 46-51 (1987).
2.Books
References to books should include the first author's name and initials, secondary authors' initials followed by surname, title of the book (in quotes), edition number (if applicable), publisher, place of publication, year of publication (in parentheses), and page numbers (if applicable), as follows:
Fogler, S.H., "Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering", 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1990), pp. 113-114.
Treybal, R.E., "Mass Transfer Operations", 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, NY (1980),
p. 185.
Wendlandt, W.W., "Thermal Methods of Analysis", Wiley-Interscience, NY (1974).
3.Book Chapters
References to book chapters should include the first author's name and initials, secondary authors' initials followed by surname, title of the book (in quotes), edition number (if applicable), publisher, place of publication, year of publication (in parentheses), page numbers (if applicable).
Lipska-Quinn, A.E., S.H. Zeronian and K.M. McGee, "Thermal Degradation of Rice Straw and Its Components", in "Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion", R.P. Overend, T.A. Molne and K.L. Mudge, Eds., Elsevier Applied Publishers, London (1985), pp. 453-471.
Milne, T., "Pyrolysis - Thermal Behaviour of Biomass Under 600ºC", in "Biomass Gasification-Principles and Technology", T.B. Reed, Ed., Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ (1981), pp. 91-118.
Ravn-Jensen, L., "Heat and Power Production from Straw", in "Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion", A.V. Bridgwater and J.L. Kuester, Eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London (1988), pp. 1114-1124.
4.Conference Proceedings
Examples:
Walawender, W.P., D.A. Hoveland, D. Anfwidsson and L.T. Fan, "Steam Gasification of Wheat Straw in a Fluidized Bed", in "Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS Industrial Wood Energy Forum '82", Vol. 2, Forest Products Research Society, Washington, DC (1982), pp. 263-272.
Amenomiya, Y. and T. Tagawa, "Infrared Study of Methanol Synthesis from CO2 and H2 on Supported Copper-Zinc Oxide Catalysts", in "Proc. 8th Int. Cong. Catal.", II, July 2-6, 1984, Berlin, DECHEMA, Frankfurt A.M. (1984), pp. 557-567.
7.13图表
Tables
? All tables must have table numbers and titles positioned at the top of the table.
? The units of each variable given in the tables must be indicated.
? Tables are to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the report.
? All tables must be referenced in the text.
? Tables are to be numbered using Arabic numerals (i.e., 1, 2, …).
Example table:
Table 1. Mass flow rates of the hot, cold and mixed stream
run mH
(kg/h) mC
(kg/h) mM,exp
(kg/h) mM,pred
(kg/h)
Steady State 1
(0 - 220 s) 2.5 ? 0.5 1.3 ? 0.3 3.6 ? 0.7 3.8 ? 0.4
Steady State 2
(230 - 600 s) 2.5 ? 0.5 3.3 ? 0.6 5.5 ? 0.9 5.8 ? 0.7
Figures
? All figures must have figure numbers and appropriate descriptive captions positioned at the bottom of the figure.
? Figures and diagrams must be drawn using straight edges or smooth curves.
? The use of computer drawn plots is appropriate. However, jagged "connect-the-dots" curves and unusual axes are not acceptable.
? Graphs are to be included as figures and are not to be labeled "Graph."
? The units of each variable given in the figures must be indicated.
? Symbols must be used only for experimental data points.
? The coordinates of each figure on graph paper must be labeled.
? Figures are to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the report.
? All figures must be referenced in the text.
? Figures are to be numbered using Arabic numerals (i.e., 1, 2, …).
Example figure:
7.14. 附录
Appendix A:
? The original experimental data for the complete study listed in tabular form are included in this section of the major report.
? If the data were recorded on a floppy diskette, then Appendix A must contain a hard copy of the relevant data from the diskette.
Appendix B:
? A complete sample calculation is to be included in this section.
? The sample calculation must show exactly, step-by-step, how the quantities tabulated in the "Results" section were obtained.
? Sample calculations, which must show units for all values, are usually included for only one set of each type of experimental data. The particular set of data used must be clearly identified.
? The source of any expressions or information utilized for the calculations not referenced in the report must be identified.
? Reproductions of computer programs used for calculations are not acceptable as sample calculations, unless they are clearly and completely documented.
? Output from a spreadsheet program is not acceptable unless all calculation formulae employed are provided and referenced to the specific cell location of the spreadsheet.
Additional appendices:
? These may be used for additional materials dealing with other information that you consider do not belong in any of the main sections of the report. Furthermore, the sample calculations may be presented in more than a single appendix if deemed appropriate.
7.15. 普通缩略语
Correct
Abbreviation Latin English Examples of Use
i.e. id est that is We must number tables and figures using Arabic numerals (i.e., 1, 2, …).
e.g. exempli gratia for example The dimensions, in SI units, must be given (e.g., k = liquid thermal conductivity, W/m K).
et al. et alii and others The above data were reported last year by Smith et al.
etc. et cetera and so forth Course announcements (such as schedule changes, corrections to handouts, etc.) will be posted.
vs. versus 1) against
2) considered as the alternative of The following hockey teams will be playing tonight: Edmonton Oilers vs. Calgary Flames and Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Boston Bruins.
