[【生态环境类】] A global assessment of 100 questions of greatest importance

各位朋友和同仁：您们好！
2006年英国《应用生态学杂志》上发表了由600 多名环境政策制定者和科研人员共同提出的"英国100 个亟需解决的生态问题名单"，起到了很好的社会效果。它在科学和政策问题之间架起了桥梁，使研究更贴近政策，也使制定的政策更具科学性和可行性，还将对未来的生态学研究和资金投入产生影响。

受此启发，英国东英吉利大学（University of East Anglia）的Bill Sutherland教授目前负责主持在全球范围内收集"100个全球亟需解决的生态问题名单"， 我受Sutherland教授和保护生物学学会的委托收集中国及亚洲地区的相关人士提出的问题。这是一项很有意义的工作，它将会对未来保护决策的制定和资金的投入产生重要影响，故此，我邀请您参与提出您的问题，把您的观点和思想体现在这个重要的名单里。您可以就自己熟悉或感兴趣的领域从全球的角度提出5-10个全球最亟需解决的生态问题，也欢迎您提出自己领域以外的问题。如果您还能够帮助从您周围的人那里收集问题，我们也不胜感激，请注明提问者的姓名和单位/组织！

非常感谢您的帮助和参与！请于6月27号之前回复！附件里是1.提问的规则；2. "100个全球亟需解决的生态问题名单"目前收集到的部分问题；3."英国100 个亟需解决的生态问题名单"的中英文文章版本，请您参考！

吕植

北京大学生命科学学院
Zhi Lu
School of Life Sciences, Peking University
Beijing 100871, P. R. CHINA
Tel: +86-10-62765646
Fax: +86-10-62761035


A global assessment of 100 questions of greatest importance to conservation policy makers and practitioners

A preliminary list of questions:
Further questions most welcome. Variants on existing questions are also welcome; we will use subscript for these.

Please give the name and organisation of the person suggesting the question.

The questions must relate to facts rather than about ethics or decisions. The questions may relate to social or economic issues but must be of importance to conservation.

Climate Change and atmospheric pollution
1. How many crucial ecosystems will be lost to sea-level rise? Hugh Wright (UEA)
2. What will be the impact of climate change on remote island biodiversity? Andrea Santageli (UEA)
3. Is el nino being anthropogenically forced and can we mitigate the most negative effects? Lucy Emma Goodman (UEA)
4. With global warming and sea level rise, how can we protect and conserve species that are only found on low lying islands/areas? Leona Laniawe (UEA)
5. How can methods to reduce carbon emissions best be implemented? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)

Climate Change, mitigation and adaptation
6. How are critical ecosystems / hotspots responding to the impacts of climate change-induced drought and flood? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)
7. How are institutions, conservation scientists and policymakers adapting to climate change impacts and society’s responses? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)
8. What are the linkages between climate change impacts, land use and land cover change in Africa? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)
9. What is the vulnerability of below ground flora and fauna to impacts of climate change and impacts on agricultural production? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)

Energy
10. What is the impact of offshore wind farms on seabirds? Anna Robinson (UEA)
11. What is the best way to improve energy efficiency? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)
12. How will conflict over water resources impact upon biodiversity? R. A. Laidlaw (UEA)
13. Will going carbon neutral by indirect means e.g. reforestation, have a real impact on the global carbon footprint? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)
14. What is the real impact of biofuels on the carbon footprint? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)

Ecosystem services
15. Do payments for ecosystem services work? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
16. Are vernacular reserves in developing countries not having more value for biodiversity other than for ecotourism? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)

Forests
17. What are the most effective non-timber forest products (NTFP) for forest conservation? Jake Bricknell (UEA)
18. What is the true extent of deforestation? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
19. Are sustainable livelihood programmes effective in preventing deforestation? Wing-Yunn Crawley (UEA)
20. Are carbon credit programmes having an adverse affect on deforestation? Wing-Yunn Crawley (UEA)
21. Would avoided deforestation via carbon credits be a visible and successful method to prevent climate change and biodiversity? Lucy Emma Goodman (UEA)

Agriculture
22. What agricultural practices can reduce the risk of wildlife diseases (without GM)? Dhruti Bell (UEA)
23. Are biofuels fuelling the decline in agricultural biodiversity? R. A. Laidlaw (UEA)
24. What will be the impact of changing agricultural practices in response to climate change on biodiversity? Verity Roberts (UEA)
25. Can plants be bred in order to increase their natural tritrophic defences so that use of pesticides can be reduced? Dhruti Bell (UEA)
26. Will food systems approach to agriculture lead to mitigation of environmental change impacts on ecosystems? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)
27. Will climate change impacts on subsistence agriculture lead to the diversification of livelihoods and more dependence on biodiversity? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)

Fisheries, aquaculture and marine conservation
28. Can coral reefs be restored? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)
29. How do you achieve sustainable fishing on coral reefs? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)
30. What constitutes sustainable fisheries? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
31. How will climate change and global warming affect coral worldwide and ultimately species diversity? Leona Laniawe (UEA)
32. How are fish stocks (species of concern, i.e. cod) affected by non-target catches? Leona Laniawe (UEA)
33. Are fish stocks impacted by climate variability and change? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)
34. What is causing the change in seabird prey availability that is leading to the decline in seabird populations? Katherine Fraser (UEA)
35. Are the benefits of marine protected areas great enough to justify creating them in international waters? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
36. Do marine protected areas work? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
37. How will sea temperature fluctuations caused by climate change affect marine mammals? Jake Bricknell (UEA)
38. Can/how would you go about recovering dead zones in the sea? Dhruti Bell (UEA)

Conservation strategies and priorities
39. Which is more effective: species based conservation or habitat based conservation? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
40. Do community-based conservation efforts work? Jake Bricknell (UEA)
41. How are government interests (e.g. tax gains) preventing conservation management or indeed causing species declines and how can this tension be alleviated? Alyson Lumley (UEA)
42. How many less critically endangered species can you save with the same budget you use for programmes on saving critically endangered species? And what would be the effect on ecosystem services? Andrea Santageli (UEA)
43. At what scale does biodiversity conservation become value for money? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
44. How do monitoring methodologies vary globally for long term studies and which should be encouraged in the future? R. A. Laidlaw (UEA)
45. What are effective methods of communication/incentives to encourage participation in less damaging protocols for commercial practitioners? R. A. Laidlaw (UEA)
46. Is the peer review system working? Is it biased to what funders want to hear? Is it biased to those who have published before? Lucy Emma Goodman (UEA)
47. Does education about conservation have a positive effect on biodiversity? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)
48. How can the internet become a key conservation tool? R. A. Laidlaw (UEA)
49. What is the best way to take advantage of new technologies, including in the biological and information sciences? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
50. What are the best strategies for dealing with private sector interests in protected areas? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
51. How can protected areas deal most effectively with shrinking budgets at a time when demands for improved management are increasing? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)


Species management
52. How do you decide whether a species is worth conserving? Janine Robinson (UEA)
53. How valuable and cost-effective are programmes to save critically endangered species? Andrea Santageli (UEA)
54. Do captive breeding programmes have a part to play in species conservation in light of climate change? Wing-Yunn Crawley (UEA)
55. In saving species, how important is it to use individuals from many populations? Emma Brooks (UEA)
56. How essential is long-term monitoring following reintroductions/translocations? How long to monitor? Alyson Lumley (UEA)
57. How many species are being driven extinct currently (by taxa)? Hugh Wright (UEA)
58. How long does it take a species to sustainably recover? Ellen Walford (UEA)
59. Does assisted movement of species have a part to play in global conservation in response to climate change? Verity Roberts (UEA)
60. As species go extinct what are the ethical ramifications of cloning from DNA? Leona Laniawe (UEA)
61. Can forced introductions of species susceptible to climate change mitigate possible population decreases? Cassandra Ridley (UEA)
62. How many species are threatened by climate change – and which ones? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
63. How does elephant habitat destruction affect other mammal biodiversity and density? Ellen Walford (UEA)

Habitat management and restoration
64. How effective will protected areas be in preserving key biodiversity and habitat features in the future in light of climate change? Andrea Santageli (UEA)
65. How effective is coastal managed retreat (realignment) in maintaining stable (and diverse) floral communities? Katherine Fraser (UEA)
66. At what point do you decide whether to allow the sea to reclaim the land? Janine Robinson (UEA)
67. What is the optimal number of cattle to be grazed on grassland to aid both biodiversity and economic goals? Dhruti Bell (UEA)
68. Can the reintroduction of keystone species (e.g. the beaver) successfully restore the original ecosystem? Katherine Fraser (UEA)
69. How effective is habitat restoration in facilitating the movement of species in response to climate change? Verity Roberts (UEA)
70. Is habitat restoration or species conservation more efficient and better value for money? Sarah Cunningham (UEA)
71. Are agri-environment schemes an effective way to protect farmland biodiversity? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
72. How many species are dependent on anthropogenic habitats? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
73. How can traditional and indigenous knowledge be harnessed to benefit conservation science in local and traditional landscapes? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)


Landscape connectivity
74. Are habitat corridors the solution to species dispersal in adaptation to climate change? Hugh Wright (UEA)
75. How effective are habitat corridors in conserving populations of large mammals? Wing-Yunn Crawley (UEA)
76. Do species corridors work and are they in the right place for global climate change? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
77. What level of forest fragmentation can different species survive in? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
78. What are the implications of fences for mammal populations? Morris Gosling University of Newcastle.


Wildlife diseases
79. What are the most effective interventions in minimising the spread of wildlife diseases? Anna Robinson (UEA)
80. How can we minimise emerging infectious diseases? Anna Robinson (UEA)
81. What impact will climate change have on distribution of wildlife diseases? Anna Robinson (UEA)

Aliens and invasive species
82. Are introduced super predators beneficial to native species in that they act to control population of introduced mesopredators (e.g.cats on rats)? Dhruti Bell (UEA)
83. What proportion of animal/plant colonisations are unintentionally mediated by human activity, e.g. international travel? Anna Robinson (UEA)
84. What are the most appropriate responses to the spread of invasive alien species into a protected area? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
85. To what extent is the spread of invasive alien species being influenced by climate change? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)


International policy decision-making
86. Should we be introducing measures to halt global human population growth? Anna Robinson (UEA)
87. Can the polar regions be protected? Hugh Wright (UEA)
88. How can we ensure the safety of Antarctica’s biodiversity? R. A. Laidlaw (UEA)
89. Should habitat provision be internationally achieved rather than just on a national scale in light of sea level changes? R. A. Laidlaw (UEA)
90. What are the appropriate responses to political decentralization that may change the roles that State agencies play? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
91. What role can protected areas play when they are located on contested international boundaries? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
92. Are global trade and human security policies impacting on biological resource availability, access and management in the South? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)

Conservation and development
93. How will expanded food demand and production impact on global biodiversity and where will these changes take place? Hugh Wright (UEA)
94. What factors enable developing countries to begin establishing conservation policies? Hugh Wright (UEA)
95. How beneficial are international targets and outside investment in helping maintain well run national parks in developing nations? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
96. Would condoms and female education have more impact on sustainability of ecosystems than conservation policy? Lucy Emma Goodman (UEA)
97. How can the main social and economic issues for developing countries (food, health, employment, education) be solved and to what extent will this affect biodiversity education? Christiana Faria & Julie Razafimanahaka (UEA)
98. In what ways will/does biodiversity loss affect human livelihoods? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
99. Is it necessary to displace local communities when creating National Parks? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
100. How can local communities’ best be integrated into National Park Management plans?
101. How can the protected area respond to continued human population growth, and more land becoming “domesticated”? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
102. How can protected area managers deal most effectively with changing perspectives on the links of local ethnic groups to traditional lands? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
103. Will the gap between the rich and the poor continue to grow, and if so, what are the likely economic and social consequences for protected areas? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
104. Are marginalised lands truly synonymous to degraded lands in Africa? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)

Urban development
105. How does the percentage of people living in cities impact biodiversity? Anna Robinson (UEA)
106. How does rural to urban migration of people affect biodiversity? Anna Robinson (UEA)

Exploitation of natural resources
107. Can an ever increasing human population sustain itself without endlessly encroaching upon wildlife? Dhruti Bell (UEA)
108. What is the effect of population growth and HDI on biodiversity? Verity Roberts (UEA)
109. What will be the best solution to preserve biodiversity and habitat in islands with increasing human demand for resources? Andrea Santageli (UEA)
110. Does providing alternative livelihoods benefit both community and biodiversity? Jake Bricknell (UEA)
111. Does the sustainable utilisation of natural products benefit biodiversity conservation? Jake Bricknell (UEA)
112. Can people live sustainably within protected areas? Emma Brooks (UEA)
113. What is the best way of dealing with the bushmeat trade crisis? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
114. What methods can be used to reduce hunting of wild fauna? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)
115. What is the sustainable bushmeat harvest from the world’s major forests? Janine Robinson (UEA)
116. Can there ever be a steady state economy and conservation in Africa when livelihoods and biodiversity are not mutually exclusive? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)
117. Are non-timber forest products (NTFPs) another gateway to in-situ conservation and maintenance of agro-diversity? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)
118. how are foreign policies of developed nations leading to over-exploitation of ecosystems in developing countries? Delali Dovie (UG, Ghana)

Recreation
119. In what ways can tourism benefit conservation, and in which cases will it be a negative influence? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
120. Is ecotourism effective as a means to prevent habitat loss? Megan Parry, Renzo Guidice, Michelle Savage (UEA)
121. Under what conditions can ecotourism work in developing countries? Hannah Doyle & Madeleine Giles (UEA)
122. How do the positive and negative effects of island ecotourism compare? Katherine Fraser (UEA)
123. At which point does wildlife tourism become a detriment to wildlife? Ellen Walford (UEA)
124. How much benefit from ecotourism goes back into conservation and the local communities? Ellen Walford (UEA)
125. How should protected area managers respond to changes in numbers of tourists, either significant growth or significant reduction? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)
126. How should protected areas respond to future developments in television, cinema, computer games, and other forms of indoors entertainment? Jeff McNeely (IUCN)

Human wellbeing
127. How will people manage to satisfy all their needs (organic, psychological, social) to keep their mental health? Christiana Faria & Julie Razafimanahaka (UEA)
128. How will the balance between nature conservation and human well-being be achieved? Christiana Faria & Julie Razafimanahaka (UEA)
129. How to measure the efficiency of environmental education in biodiversity conservation and economic development? Christiana Faria & Julie Razafimanahaka (UEA)