Physics and Chemistry of Micro-Nanotribology Physics

分析化学

Physics and Chemistry of Micro-Nanotribology

by:Jianbin Luo   


  
Physics and Chemistry of Micro-Nanotribology
By Jianbin Luo  
  
Publisher: ASTM International
Number Of Pages: 290
Publication Date: 2008-01
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0803170068
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780803170063   

Preface
The roots of micro/nanotribology can be found deep in conventional concepts of tribology. The recognition in
the last century of elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication EHL as the principal mode of fluid-film lubrication in
many machine components enabled reliable design procedures to be developed for both highly stressed and low
elastic modulus machine elements. Towards the end of the last century submicron film thicknesses were recognized
in many EHL applications. It is now being asked how EHL concepts can contribute to understanding
the behavior of even thinner lubricating films. The answer is to be found in the subject widely known as
micro/nanotribology.
As early as 1929 Tomlinson considered the origin of friction and the mechanism of energy dissipation in terms
of an independent oscillator model. This import ant approach provided the foundation for many present studies
of atomic scale friction. The rapid development of micro/nanotribology in recent decades is certainly a significant
and fascinating aspect of modern tribology. New scientific instruments, impressive modeling, and computer
simulations have contributed to the current fascination with nanotechnology.
A remarkable indication of these developments is evident in the boom of publications. Nevertheless, the knowledge
and understanding of micro/nanotribology remains incomplete, although several books related to the
subject have now been published. The interdisciplinary nature of tribology persists in studies of microscopic
scale tribology. Individual investigators contribute to specific aspects of the field as they help to develop
a general picture of the new field of micro/nanotribology, thus adding additional bricks to the house of truth.
The present book is written by authors whose backgrounds are mainly in mechan ical engineering. They present
individual contributions to the development of microscopic tribology, with significant effort being made to form
a bridge between fundamental studies and applications.
I am confident that readers in both academic and industrial sectors will find the text interesting and beneficial
to their understanding of an exciting aspect of modern tribology.
Duncan Dowson
Leeds, U.K. June 2008  
  

1
Introduction
Shizhu Wen,1 Jianbin Luo,1 and Yuanzhong Hu1
IN 1966, “TRIBOLOGY,” AS ANEWWORDIN SCIENCE,
was first presented in a report by the U.K. Department of
Education and Science, which has been usually known as
the Jost report. Tribology is defined in this report as the science
and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion
and of related subjects and practices. The report emphasized
the importance and a great potential power of
tribology as an individual branch of science in the development
of modern national economy. In the history of science,
however, research activities on tribology can be traced back
to the 15th century, when Leonardo da Vinci 1452–1519
presented a scientific deduction on solid surface friction.
As a practice-based subject, the formation and development
of tribology have always been associated with the requirement
from society and technology development. Tribology
experienced several different stages in its history. Its
developing process indicates an obvious trend of integration
and combination of multi-scientific subjects in a multi-scale
nature from macroscopic dimension to nanometre.
The most remarkable character of tribology is the integration,
combination, and interaction between multiscientific
subjects. This not only broadens the scope of tribology
research, but also enriches the research mode and
methodology. An early research was typically of Amontons
and Coulomb’s work on solid surface friction before the 18th
century. Based on experimental observations, they concluded
an empirical formula of sliding friction. An
experiment-based research mode represented a characteristic
of this stage. At the end of the 19th century, Reynolds 1
revealed load carrying mechanics of lubricating films and established
a foundation of the fluid lubrication theory based
on viscous hydrodynamics. A new theoretical research mode
was then initiated, which is associated with the continuous
medium mechanics.
After the 1920s, the multi-subject nature of tribology research
was enhanced due to rapid development of economy
and relative technologies. During this period, Hardy 2 proposed
a model of boundary lubrication. He explained that
the polar molecules in lubricant had a physicochemical interaction
with metal surfaces, from which the boundary lubricating
films were formed. At the same time, Ostwald 3
presented a conception of mechano-chemistry, referring to
the physicochemical change and effect induced by the energy
alternation in the friction and impact process. Subsequently,
Heinicke 4 published his monograph in a book
titled Tribochemistry, emphasizing an integration of tribology
and chemistry. Bio-tribology emerged in the 1970s and is
another example of the integration of multi-scientific subject
research that bridges tribology, biology, and iatrology. In
development, it integrated with bionics and nanotechnology,
and created a new research field 5. Clearly, modern tribology,
in the process of its maturity, has combined different
scientific subjects into an integrated science and technology.
A new stage of tribology started in the 1980s because of
an awareness of 21st century-oriented nanotechonology,
which resulted in a series of new scientific branches, such as
nanoelectronics, nanomaterials, and nanobiology, etc.
Micro/nanotribology 6, or molecular tribology as some
prefer to call 7, is one of the most important branches that
emerged during that period. Nanotechnology studies behaviors
and interactions of atoms and molecules in
natural or technical phenomena at nanometre scale 0.1 nm
100 nm to improve and enhance our understanding of nature.
This would enable us to deal with the existing world
more effectively. In other words, micro/nanotribology creates
a microscopic research mode of tribology.
Another remarkable aspect of tribology is the transition
from macro scale to micro scale research known as scaledown
development. The foundation of micro/nanotribology
is not only a result of the integration of multi-scientific subjects,
but also originates from the understanding that a tribology
process can proceed across several scales. A reduction
in the research scale from macro to micro metre is also
determined by the nature of the tribology process itself. In a
friction process, for example, the macro tribology property
of sliding surfaces depends closely on micro structure or micro
interactions on the interface. Micro/nanotribology provides
a new insight and an innovative research mode. It reveals
mechanisms of the friction, wear, and lubrication on
atomic and molecular scale, or both, and establishes a relationship
between the microstructure and macroscopic performance.
This is very important for the further development
of tribology.
In addition, micro/nanotribology also has a broad application
foreground. A development of modern precision machinery,
high technology equipment, and especially the
newly born scientific areas promoted by nanotechnology,
such as nano electronics, nano biology, and the micro electromechanical
system, leads to an urgent demand on micro/
nanotribology research for theoretical support................................................
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